Let the skiing begin

Thanksgiving has come and gone and we are ready for the ski season. All we need now is snow. November started very strong with several feet of snow, but for the most part it has been warm and sunny since. The good news is that, for the most part, nights have been cold enough to make snow. All of the resorts have been making snow every chance they can get, which allowed Park City Resort to open last Friday and will allow Deer Valley Resort to open this Saturday.
Snowmaking itself is quite an art and the Park City resorts have it down pat. There are two basic types of snowmaking systems, one is an air and water system and the other is an airless system. The air and water system has two hoses, each connected to an outlet. One outlet pumping water and the other highly compressed air. The two hoses are then connected to a “gun” which is really just a mixing chamber with a nozzle at the opening. Highly compressed air is pumped into the chamber and water is injected into this. This is then forced out of the nozzle at very high speeds, which breaks the water into a super fine mist that freezes on contact with cold air and falls as snow. The airless system uses a long tube with a fan blade at the bottom end and a ring of water injection nozzles at the far end or opening. The fan pushes a large column of air through the tube and water is injected into this column at the opening. The airless system can produce large amounts of snow in very cold temperatures and has an advantage of being much quieter than the air/water system. Here in Park City we see the ski areas using the airless systems in areas around homes and condos. The air/water system has an advantage in that it can be used at much warmer temperatures than the airless systems. In the air/water system air is forced through a small nozzle at very high pressure. As the air leaves the nozzle it rapidly expands which causes a cooling effect. Thus, in marginal conditions this cooling effect creates an effective temperature lower than the actual air temperature. The drawbacks to the air/water system are that it is very loud and does not produce as much snow as the airless system. Another expense to the air/water system is that is requires huge air compressors to force the air up the mountain under high pressure and also requires cooling units as air is heated when it is compressed. So in an air/water system the amount of piping throughout the mountain is doubled (one pipe for air, one pipe for water) and air compressors and cooling units have to be added. All of which greatly increases the installation and operating costs. Snowmaking systems such as we run here in Park City can pump 5,000-10,000 gallons of water per minute and costs several thousand dollars per hour to operate. While extremely expensive, snowmaking guarantees skiing when Mother Nature is fickle.
Both Snowbird and Alta ski resorts have been open since early November. As these resorts are higher in elevation, with a base of 8,000 feet and a summit of around 11,000 feet the temperatures are colder, and because of their unique geographical location in the Wasatch Range, they both receive much more snow than the Park City side. Unique to Utah is the Great Salt Lake and its effect on snowfall. Particularly this time of year, the lake is fairly warm. As cold, low pressure systems sweep down from the northwest and pass over the Great Salt Lake, large amounts of moisture move from the warm lake water to these cold storms. (Most everyone has heard about the “lake effect” storms coming off the Great Lakes-most notably Lake Erie-and hitting Buffalo, New York.) These cold storms, having picked up moisture across the Great Salt Lake, continue moving southeast and are forced into the ever narrowing Big and Little Cottonwood canyons. As the moisture laden clouds are pushed into the canyons they are also pushed upward until, at the end of the canyon, they hit the wall of the mountains. At this point the clouds are pushed upward dramatically and can no longer hold the moisture. As a result, heavy amounts of snow fall from these clouds as they linger over the crest of the Wasatch.
As the storms roll over the crest of the Wasatch to the Park City Mountains, the air drops down the back side of the mountains, warms up and can hold more moisture. Another unique feature to Utah’s weather is the basin and range. Between the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and the Sierra Nevada mountains of California are a series of relatively small north-south running mountain ranges. As low pressure systems move in from the north they are preceded by strong south winds. These south winds are funneled between these north-south running mountain ranges and sweep across the desert basins. As these winds move across the desert they kick up large amounts of sand and dust which, combined with the clouds, create additional mechanisms for snow to form. This is nature’s version of cloud seeding and is unique to Utah. Because of all of these unique geographic features, Utah receives more snow than would be expected in a desert State, with Snowbird and Alta receiving the majority of it. One other point is that as these storms roll across the western desert, they tend to dry out, creating the “Utah fluff” that we are so famous for.
Now that you know why Utah receives so much snow and why it is so light and dry, makes plans to experience it for yourself. To paraphrase the great ski film producer, Warren Miller, “If you don’t ski Utah this season, you’ll just be one year older when you finally do.”